Safety Net Structure and Problems on Policy Regarding Earthquake Disasters-Focusing on a Crack between Institutions for Earthquake Victims

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Other Title
  • セーフティネット構造と震災対策の課題
  • セーフティネット構造と震災対策の課題 : 制度の隙間に焦点をあてて
  • セーフティネット コウゾウ ト シンサイ タイサク ノ カダイ : セイド ノ スキマ ニ ショウテン オ アテテ
  • 制度の隙間に焦点をあてて

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Social security against the Tohoku Region Pacific Coast Earthquake consists of a three-tier system in the same way as the Japanese three-tier safety nets delineated by Uzuhashi (Uzuhasi et al. 2010): the 1st tier is an employment safety net, the 2nd tier is social insurance and personal social services, the 2Y2th is social allowances and loans, and the 3rd tier is means-tested benefits. There are some problems in the 2nd-tier safety net: coordination problems between social insurance organizations, inequality between local governments, and lower benefit levels. They take over the problems that have occurred under Japanese three-tier safety nets. In addition, instead of unconditional benefits, loans have been mainly to counteract loss of income. This is a common problem in the 2nd-tier and 2Y2th-tier safety nets. The victims of the earthquake are required to meet two conditions to receive social security against the disaster: a regional requirement, which means that victims need to have suffered losses within the disaster area approved by government, and a damage requirement, which means that victims have to suffer a certain level of damage set by the government. Some victims, such as refugees from the disaster area, voluntary refugees, and indirectly suffering residents, could not receive services from the safety net because they did not meet these criteria. Especially, social security needs to be offered to the voluntary refugees, who evacuated to escape radiation effects, and to the indirectly suffering workers, including primary industry workers around disastrous area, who lost their jobs as a result of the economic downturn caused by the earthquake.

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