Motherhood Penalty in Japan

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  • 現代日本におけるMotherhood Penaltyの検証
  • ゲンダイ ニホン ニ オケル Motherhood Penalty ノ ケンショウ

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Abstract

<p>In developed countries, the motherhood penalty (MP) — the difference in pay between females with and without children — is one of the most important factors of the gender pay gap. Employment rate of Japanese women during parenting has gradually increased in the 2000s. However, MP has not been clarified in Japan. We analyzed MP using the latest panel data sets for Japan. Results of the fixed-effect model show that there are (1) 4% MP per child, (2) 12% MP for women with two children, and (3) 4–6% MP per pre-school child. Our results suggest that solving MP is an important policy challenge for Japan, as the number of females participating in the labor force during childrearing has been increasing.</p>

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