Welfare and Norms:

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Other Title
  • 福祉と規範
  • 福祉と規範 : 市場とコミュニティを再考する
  • フクシ ト キハン : シジョウ ト コミュニティ オ サイコウ スル
  • Rethinking Market and Community
  • 市場とコミュニティを再考する

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Abstract

<p>　The market is often considered to be spontaneous and self-regulating, and the</p><p>welfare system is, by contrast, thought to be normative and not spontaneous.</p><p>However, opinions in support of the free market themselves presuppose strong</p><p>norms, and the demand for a welfare system is, in fact, spontaneous―occurring</p><p>without regulatory intervention. For this reason, the social citizenship of the</p><p>welfare state tends to be called into question. Karl Polanyi held that labor, land,</p><p>and money cannot be commodities and that the self-regulating market is a fiction.</p><p>Polanyi also stated that the welfare state was another myth that supported</p><p>the self-regulating market in the 20th century. Labor, land, and money have</p><p>been partly de-commodified, but globalization has made the welfare state fluid,</p><p>and the hegemony of neoliberalism has divided society. Social inclusion and deliberative</p><p>democracy are often proposed as an alternative, but Chantal Mouffe</p><p>has shown that agonistic democracy is essential for “the political.” Agonistic democracy</p><p>requires a common lifestyle; thus it is necessary to build a new community</p><p>that includes foreigners. For example, a neighborhood self-governing</p><p>body including various citizens could create an appropriate adversarial relationship</p><p>and form a new entity in agonistic democracy. Richard Sennett, as a pragmatist,</p><p>insisted that the art of democracy may be given sophistication as the</p><p>self-governing practice of common people, and such craftsmanship may be an</p><p>alternative to traditional statesmanship or the statecraft of specialists.</p>

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