ル・コルビュジエの「小さな家」における空間構成と熱・光環境の関係

<p> Introduction</p><p> Le Corbusier (1987-1965) is widely known for his concepts and methods of architectural design such as the Five Points of Architecture, Brise Soleil, Modulor, etc. An overview of Le Corbusier's work from the perspective of environmental considerations reveal examples of architectural ingenuity integrated into a design to control the environment. When Le Corbusier began his career as an architect, he intended to use natural lighting and ventilation to improve the environment and health in densely populated urban areas in the early 20th century. However, the architectural innovations such as natural lighting and ventilation, and the expression of cross-sectional diagrams may have had a considerable impact on the passive design that became popular in later years.</p><p> </p><p> Methods:</p><p> This study examines features related to architectural planning and environmental control such as spatial features and the composition of the horizontal continuous window surround in Le Corbusier's "Une Petite Maison". In addition, the thermal and light environment produced by simulation software for the main rooms will be examined. It will reveal the relationship between Le Corbusier's architectural ingenuity and environmental control over the environment and some of the thinking that led to contemporary passive design which was active in an era before the building performance of the outer skin and equipment was inadequate and the energy was plentiful and stable.</p><p> </p><p> Results:</p><p> 1) The features related to architectural planning and environmental control such as the configuration around the horizontal continuous windows in the main space was identified. The building consisted of hollow brick, concrete block and concrete with a constant thermal capacity, and no insulation was used.</p><p> 2) The soil for the rooftop greening was found to have a certain level of insulation performance. The expansion and contraction of the space by opening and closing fittings and movable partitions was confirmed to have an effect on room temperature control. Furthermore, the use of shutters and curtains slightly reduced the temperature drop at night. It was also shown that the shutter box attached to the outside is effective as a sunshade in summer, but prevents the temperature rise inside the room in the middle of the year and in winter in this area.</p><p> 3) The horizontal windows allowing the light to enter uniformly and the reflected light from the white window sills on the windows has a certain effect on the indoor lighting environment. It was also confirmed that the effect of the eave-shaped shutter boxes on solar radiation shielding is minimal. The combination of a continuous horizontal window and window sill without shelter is also seen in later works.</p><p> </p><p> In this study, the intention and effect of controlling the indoor environment by means of “roof terrace” to improve thermal insulation, architectural planning devices such as spatial arrangement and expansion and contraction of space by opening and closing fittings, and “the free plan” were confirmed. On the light environment, it was clarified that a good light environment was created by “the horizontal continuous window” and innovations around the windows.</p><p> Some of the Five Points of Architecture, devised as principles of the international style, also have aspects as architectural devices to enhance the indoor environment, and they seem to encompass the concept of a useful passive design approach that should be reconsidered from an environmental design standpoint when thinking about contemporary design practices.</p>