The Training of Hawks and Catching Cranes (Tsurutori) in the Beginning of the Edo Period : F ocusing on Ikeuchi Yoshinaga’s Hawking

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  • 近世初期における鷹の調教と鶴取 : 池内吉長の鷹術を中心に
  • キンセイ ショキ ニ オケル タカ ノ チョウキョウ ト ツルシュ : イケウチ キチチョウ ノ タカジュツ オ チュウシン ニ

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to indicate the historical process of the establishment of hawking referred to as Catching Cranes （鶴取 Tsurutori) during the beginning of the Edo period. Tsurutori means Catching Cranes. It aims at clarifying the reality of the training of hawks which were also referred to as Tsurutori. With the 16th century as a crucial period in the establishment of Tsurutori the training underwent a change regarding the prey that was used, which was the shift in focus by the lord class from pheasants to cranes as the main game. Hawks which were able to catch cranes were valued highly by the lord class during that period. With the establishment of Tsurutori as a technique, the demand for Tsurutori-type hawks created a big change in the already existing art of hawking and lead to a proper establishment of the new art of Tsurutori training. This study examines the above topic by analyzing documents concerning Ikeuchi Sadaemon Yoshinaga who serves Kato family in Kumamoto referred to as the “Ikeuchi monjo.” Yoshinaga, in addition to being educated in various types of hawking, played an important role in the establishment of Tsurutori Moreover, Yoshinaga codified his knowledge on hawking within the Book of Falconry and handed it down to his second son Yoshikatsu. Through this succession, the art of Tsurutori training was established as its own “knowledge”and technique. Furthermore, Yoshinaga left his extended knowledge in the form of the Book of Falconry and the hawk training records in detail. From the so-called “hawks training records" it becomes clear that from the hawks that Yoshinaga trained only a small fraction of them were trained to be Tsurutori. Tsurutori needed the original art because of its difficulty. In other words，“knowledge” and technique of Tsurutori could not be taken root in falconry culture without the art of Tsurutori.

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