The armies of the early 'Abbāsids consisted of the revolutionary army from Khurāsān which brought the 'Abbāsids to the caliphate and of the ex-Umayyad armies. The Khurāsāni army itself consisted of many small corps under Arab or mawāli commanders who recruited them from their clans or relatives. Most of them were from Marw, Marwarrūdh, Abīward, Nasā, and Gurgān. Many highest leaders were Arab Khuzā'ites from the villages of Marw. After the successful revolution the larger part of the Khurāsāni army settled in Baghdād. On the other hand Khurāsān and Mā warā' l-Nahr had many petty kings called maliks and big landlords called dihqāns. They paid annual tributes to the Arabs on the basis of the treaties they conclded with them at the time of the Arab conquest, and instead the Arabs did not interfere in their internal affairs. Some maliks and dihqāns converted to Islam and took part in the revolution, eg. the Barmakids of Balkh. After most of the revolutionary army moved to Iraq many maliks and dihqāns converted to Islam and cooperated with Abū Muslim at the latter 's invitation. Thus the united states of the maliks and dihqāns came true with Abū Muslim at its head. The caliph Mansūr, who planned the centralization and autocracy, eliminated Abū Muslim but incurred the revolts of his governor of Khurāsān, 'Abd al-Jabbār, and of maliks and dihqāns, Sunbādh of Naysābūr, Ustādhsīs of Bādhghīs, and Muqanna' of Kish. Against the caliphs' centralization policy the maliks and dihqāns supported the succession of 'Īsā b. Mūsā after Mansūr. Then in Mahdi 's caliphate the Bramakids became their representative in the central government, while the abnā' al-dawla, the former Khurāsāni army settled in Baghdād, suppoted the centralization. Rashīd first favored the pro-dihqāni policy of the Barmakids, but reversed the policy by appointing the hawk of the abnā', 'Ali b. 'Īsā b. Māhān, governor of Khurāsān and then annihilated the Barmakids in order to concilate the abnā'. Against 'Alī the maliks of Mā warā' 1-Nahr rebelled with Rāfi' b. al-Layth, Arab governor of Samarqand, at its head. Rashīd was forced to dismiss 'Ali and moreover he had promised the setting up of the autonomous state of Khurāsān after his death with one of his sons Ma'mūn at its head. After Rashīd died on his way to Khurāsān to fight Rāfi 'the maliks and dihqāns rushed to support Ma'mūn in setting up this state. Their leader was Fadl b. Sahl, king of Sarakhs. He dreamed of not only the autonomy but the Khurāsāni supremacy of the whole empire. He organized the expeditionary force composed of the maliks and dihqāns under the command of Tāhir b. al-Husayn, king of Būshang. After this force destroyed the power of the abnā' it remained in Baghdād. After Ma'mūn returned to Baghdād against Sahl's policy he continued to invite the maliks and dihqāns to Baghdād to be enlisted in the central government army on condition that they should convert to Islam. His brother Mu'tasim, after succession, founded their cantonment in Sāmarrā, and thereby strenghened this policy. Afshīn of Ushrūsana and many other maliks were thus recuited. Furthermore Mu-'tasim recruited the Turks and the Ferghānis of the further lands beyond Sughd, both sedentary ahd nomad, under the command of their lords and nobles, thorugh the hands of Nūh b. Asad, lord of Sāmān near Samarqand and then governor of Mā warā' 1-Nahr. These maliks and Turkish and Ferghāni lords were called mawālī and their soldiers ghilmān. The Turks were never called mamlūks and of course they were not slaves.