The Microbiome-gut-brain Interaction in Psycho-neurological Disorders

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  • 腸内細菌と精神神経疾患からみる腸脳相関

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Abstract

<p>A large number of various types of bacteria make up the human gut microbiome. Intestinal barriers are critical to separate the physiological environment of the gut lumen from the rest of the body. Intestinal epithelial cells are firmly joined with tight junctions and are covered with a mucus layer that contains secretory immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) and antimicrobial proteins, which work as physical and immunological barriers, respectively. Dendritic cells in the epithelium and s-IgA-producing immune cells in the epithelium and sub-epithelium work as an immunological barrier. Such a defense mechanism may be impaired by aging or psycho-socio-environmental stress, leading to a leaky gut status. A leaky gut may cause psychoneurological, gastrointestinal, metabolic, and autoimmune disorders. Inflammation, the invasion or absorption of unfavorable bacterial metabolites, and immune responses may cause such pathologies. The pathophysiology of psycho-neurological disorders involves inflammatory processes that may destroy the blood-brain barrier, leading to neuroinflammation. Meanwhile, neurotoxic molecules may be absorbed and then transported to the brain through efferent nerves, leading to degenerative neurological diseases. Therapeutic approaches to such conditions have been extensively investigated. Phychobiotics is one of the important topics in this field of study.</p>

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