Application of Immunohistochemistry in Clinical Practices as a Standardized Assay for Breast Cancer

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  • Masuda Shinobu
    Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine
  • Nakanishi Yoko
    Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine

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Abstract

<p>Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has become an indispensable tool in the clinical practices for breast cancer; however, to achieve its standardization, numerous issues need to be overcome. In this review, we describe the development of IHC as an important clinical tool, and the challenges in standardizing IHC results for patients. We also present ideas for resolving the remaining issues and unmet needs, along with future directions.</p>

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