Distribution of Human Sapovirus Strain Genotypes over the Last Four Decades in Japan: a Global Perspective

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  • Doan Yen Hai
    Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
  • Yamashita Yasutaka
    Department of Microbiology, Ehime Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Japan
  • Shinomiya Hiroto
    Department of Microbiology, Ehime Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Japan
  • Motoya Takumi
    Division of Virology, Ibaraki Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
  • Sakon Naomi
    Department of Microbiology, Virology Section, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
  • Suzuki Rieko
    Department of Microbiology, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
  • Shimizu Hideaki
    Division of Virology, Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, Japan
  • Shigemoto Naoki
    Public Health Research Division, Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research Institute, Public Health and Environment Center, Japan
  • Harada Seiya
    Department of Microbiology, Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Japan
  • Yahiro Shunsuke
    Department of Microbiology, Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Japan
  • Tomioka Kyoko
    Virus Group, Saitama Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
  • Sakagami Akie
    Department of Microbiology, Miyagi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, Japan
  • Ueki Yo
    Department of Microbiology, Miyagi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, Japan
  • Komagome Rika
    Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Japan
  • Saka Kyohei
    Microbiology Department, Aomori Prefectural Public Health and Environment Center, Japan
  • Okamoto-Nakagawa Reiko
    Division of Virology, Yamaguchi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, Japan
  • Shirabe Komei
    Division of Virology, Yamaguchi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, Japan
  • Mizukoshi Fuminori
    Department of Microbiology, Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Japan
  • Arita Yono
    Department of Microbiology, Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene, Japan
  • Haga Kei
    Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Japan
  • Katayama Kazuhiko
    Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Japan
  • Kimura Hirokazu
    Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Science, Gunma Paz University, Japan
  • Muramatsu Masamichi
    Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
  • Oka Tomoichiro
    Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan

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<p>Sapovirus (SaV) infections are a public health problem because they cause acute gastroenteritis in humans of all ages, both sporadically and as outbreaks. However, only a limited amount of SaV sequence information, especially whole-genome sequences for all the SaV genotypes, is publicly available. Therefore, in this study, we determined the full/near-full-length genomic sequences of 138 SaVs from the 2001 to 2015 seasons in 13 prefectures across Japan. The genogroup GI was predominant (67%, n = 92), followed by genogroups GII (18%, n = 25), GIV (9%, n = 12), and GV (6%, n = 9). Within the GI genogroup, four different genotypes were identified: GI.1 (n = 44), GI.2 (n = 40), GI.3 (n = 7), and GI.5 (n = 1). We then compared these Japanese SaV sequences with 3,119 publicly available human SaV sequences collected from 49 countries over the last 46 years. The results indicated that GI.1, and GI.2 have been the predominant genotypes in Japan, as well as in other countries, over at least four decades. The 138 newly determined Japanese SaV sequences together with the currently available SaV sequences, could facilitate a better understanding of the evolutionary patterns of SaV genotypes.</p>

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