Changing Contemporary Sports and Men & Masculinities

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  • 変容する現代スポーツと男性性
  • ヘンヨウ スル ゲンダイ スポーツ ト ダンセイセイ

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Abstract

The modern sports have developed under the masculine hegemony. But now historical and social change toward gender equal world is making the transformation of sports.<br> 　In this paper I would like to overview the historical process from vernacular gender structures in premodern societies to homogeneous trend (birth of “ecomomic sex” by Ivan Illich) through the development of modern industries. And I will point out that the modern sports born in England were established through the close ties between the specific European vernacular gender structure and the modern gender structure in industry society. In the same time I want to show the diversity of gender structures in the non-European traditional sports.<br> 　As Norbert Elias pointed out, the modern sports developed with regulation of violence. On the other hand modern national armies were established through physical training and disciplines originated in modern sports. We can find the close relations among the modern sports and modern wars. The modern national armies brought about a kind of “male league” that united men tightly. Here I want to propose the concept “ homoerotic relation” among solders and/or male sport athletes that makes extraordinary strong male-ties including sharing death drives . This ties are not homo-sexual ones nor homo-social relations (by Eve Sedgiwick).<br> 　Since 1970s we are facing world gender equal tides and the male-dominant societies fundamentally have changed. The changes of industrial structures and value systems have destroyed male-hegemony in the various fields. And now we are facing so-called “Masculinization of Deprivation”. These social changes are producing some social pathological phenomena in the sports scenes. These years we confronted with “ toxic masculinity ” in the sports world as the symbolic fields of male-dominant world.<br> 　We have to re-examine the contemporary sports from the viewpoints of men & masculinities studies , to analyze the modern sports totally and to prospect the future of sports.

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