Measurements, sources and sinks of photoformed reactive oxygen species in Japanese rivers

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  • Ayeni Taiwo Tolulope
    Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
  • Jadoon Waqar Azeem
    Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan Department of Environmental Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan
  • Adesina Adeniyi Olufemi
    Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
  • Sunday Michael Oluwatoyin
    Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
  • Anifowose Adebanjo Jacob
    Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
  • Takeda Kazuhiko
    Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
  • Sakugawa Hiroshi
    Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are photochemically generated in sunlit natural water and are involved in degradation of organic matter, redox reactions, and biological processes. Hydroxyl radicals (·OH), nitric oxide radicals (NO·), and singlet oxygen (1O2) are some of the dominant ROS in natural water. In this study, these three ROS were measured in samples collected from nine rivers across 65 stations along the west to east axis of Japan. Quantification of ·OH, NO·, and 1O2 was performed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography using benzene, 4, 5-diaminofluorescein-2, and furfuryl alcohol as chemical probes, respectively. The absorption coefficient at 300 nm (a300, m-1), which ranged from 2.44 to 36.2 m-1, was used to investigate the chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) properties of the rivers. The photoformation rate ranges were (13.9-944) × 10-12 M s-1 for ·OH, (2.76-2610) × 10-12 M s-1 for NO·, and (9.48-133) × 10-9 M s-1 for 1O2. The steady-state concentration ranges were (1.53-16) × 10-16 M for ·OH, (10.2-1520) × 10-12 M for NO·, and (3.79-53.4) × 10-14 M for 1O2. The results showed that nitrite was a major source for both ·OH and NO·, and CDOM was a major source for 1O2 across all the rivers. According to significant relationships with these sources, models were generated to predict the formation rates of the ROS (in M s-1) from known concentrations of source compounds using the equations R·OH (10-12) = 19.2 [NO2-1]-μM + 36.9, RNO· (10-12) = 41.4 [NO2-1]-μM + 44, and R1O<sub>2</sub>)(10-9) = 3.52 (a300)-m-1 + 1.61. Dissolved organic matter, escape to the atmosphere, and water molecules were the major sinks for river ·OH, NO·, and 1O2, respectively. A general scavenging rate constant of ·OH as a function of the dissolved organic carbon concentration was obtained [kC,OH = [(7.5 ± 6.8) × 108 L (mol C)-1 s-1]. These models will allow for easy prediction of ROS concentrations on a large-scale.

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