A simplified model for the structure of water

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Various characteristic properties of liquid water can be explained fairly well by a simple structural model proposing that water consists of an equilibrating mixture between two states: the icy state which possesses ice structure and appears and disappears locally and temporarily, and the packed state in which water molecules are closely packed without hydrogen bondings. Only assuming that the fraction of the icy state at 100°C is 0.2, the fractions and the equilibrium constants at various temperatures are calculated, and therefrom the heat and the entropy of fusion of ice, the specific heat and the heat of vaporization of liquid water are derived, which are all in good agreement with the observed values. The radial distribution function of water obtained by X-rays reveals the packed state to have a structure similar to the closest packing, and the surface tension of water tells that the surface of water is more abundant in the icy state than the bulk water is, positively adsorbed as if it were a kind of surfactants. The heat of ionization and the activation energy of electric conduction are qualitatively described by the rotation mechanism of water molecules in the icy state. A reasonable explanation concerning the existence of the temperature of the maximum density and the effects of different substances upon it are also offered.</jats:p>

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