EXTENDED DISTINCT ELEMENT SIMULATION OF DYNAMIC TUNNEL COLLAPSE :

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The Distinct Element Method (DEM), in which soil is represented as a system of numerous discrete particles, does not account for two factors; continuity of the medium and wave propagation. The extended method (EDEM) proposed by Iwashita and Hakuno has a physical structure that presents the effect of the internal material between the particles as pore water or clay. We simulated the two-dimensional dynamic fracture of a tunnel using this method. During fracture many small cracks occured throughout the medium, which formed fracture lines. Results confirmed that the EDEM can simulate a medium composed of continuous and discontinuous elements.

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