Repeated translocation of a supergene underlying rapid sex chromosome turnover in<i>Takifugu</i>fish

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Recent studies have revealed a surprising diversity of sex chromosomes in vertebrates. However, the detailed mechanism of their turnover is still elusive. To understand this process, it is necessary to compare closely related species in terms of sex-determining genes and the chromosomes harboring them. Here, we explored the genus<jats:italic>Takifugu</jats:italic>, in which one strong candidate sex-determining gene,<jats:italic>Amhr2</jats:italic>, has been identified. To trace the processes involved in transitions in the sex determination system in this genus, we studied 12 species and found that while the<jats:italic>Amhr2</jats:italic>locus likely determines sex in the majority of<jats:italic>Takifugu</jats:italic>species, three species have acquired sex-determining loci at different chromosomal locations. Nevertheless, the generation of genome assemblies for the three species revealed that they share a portion of the male-specific supergene that contains a candidate sex-determining gene,<jats:italic>GsdfY</jats:italic>, along with genes that potentially play a role in male fitness. The shared supergene span approximately 100 kb and are flanked by two duplicated regions characterized by CACTA transposable elements. These results suggest that the shared supergene has taken over the role of sex-determining locus from<jats:italic>Amhr2</jats:italic>in lineages leading to the three species, and repeated translocations of the supergene underlie the turnover of sex chromosomes in these lineages. These findings highlight the underestimated role of a mobile supergene in the turnover of sex chromosomes in vertebrates.</jats:p><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance</jats:title><jats:p>Although turnover of sex chromosomes is very common in many vertebrate lineages, the transition process is still elusive. We studied the sex-determining region (SDR) of 12 congeneric fish species. We found that while nine species retained their ancestral SDR, three species had acquired derived SDRs. Although the derived SDRs resided in three different chromosomes, they harbored a shared supergene flanked by two putative transposable elements. The results highlight the underestimated role of a mobile supergene in turnover of sex chromosomes in vertebrates.</jats:p></jats:sec>