Beyond traditional visual sleep scoring: massive feature extraction and unsupervised clustering of sleep time series

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Sleep is classically measured with electrophysiological recordings, which are then scored based on guidelines tailored for the visual inspection of these recordings. As such, these rules reflect a limited range of features easily captured by the human eye and do not always reflect the physiological changes associated with sleep. Here we present a novel analysis framework that characterizes sleep using over 7700 time-series features from the<jats:italic>hctsa</jats:italic>software. We used clustering to categorize sleep epochs based on the similarity of their features, without relying on established scoring conventions. The resulting structure overlapped substantially with that defined by visual scoring and we report novel features that are highly discriminative of sleep stages. However, we also observed discrepancies as<jats:italic>hctsa</jats:italic>features unraveled distinctive properties within traditional sleep stages. Our framework lays the groundwork for a data-driven exploration of sleep and the identification of new signatures of sleep disorders and conscious sleep states.</jats:p>