Effects of Photosynthetic Photon Flux, Photoperiod, and CO2 Enrichment on the Growth and Morphogenesis of Lettuce Plug Transplants

<jats:p>Artificial lighting is widely used in controlled environment plant production to enhance plant growth and quality. However, high light intensity with artificial lighting is costly, and often causes increase of leaf temperature and, thus, leaf burn. We investigated the effects of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) and photoperiod on the growth and morphogenesis of lettuce plug transplants under ambient and enriched CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> levels. Three days after seeding, the plants were cultured under four PPF levels (100, 150, 200, and 300 μmol·m<jats:sup>–2</jats:sup>·s<jats:sup>–1</jats:sup>), two photoperiods (16 and 24 hr), and two CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> levels (400 and 800 μmol·mol<jats:sup>–1</jats:sup>) for 18 days in growth chambers. Light source was fluorescent lamps. The air temperature around the plants was kept at 20°C. The results showed that dry weight of the plants increased linearly as PPF and daily integrated PPF (product of PPF and photoperiod) increased under both CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> levels. At the same daily integrated PPF, higher CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> level and longer photoperiod led to higher dry weight of the plants. CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> enrichment increased significantly dry weight of the plants. The ratio of T/R and specific leaf area of the plants decreased quadratically as daily integrated PPF increased under both CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> levels. The ratio of leaf length to leaf width of the plants decreased quadratically as PPF increased under the two photoperiods and CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> levels.</jats:p>