朝鮮民主主義人民共和国における幼児音楽教育 - 文献・資料に基づく幼稚園教育の一考察 -

type:原著

朝鮮民主主義人民共和国の幼児教育・初等教育についての日本国内の研究は非常に少ない。限られた研究者しか取り組むことができない韓国と環境は異なるにもかかわらず、非常に乏しい状況であり、ここに研究の意義がある。共和国の特徴は幼稚園1年間を含む11か年にわたる無償義務教育である。首領と党への絶対的服従のなか、全体主義的な活動場面において幼児期から徹底的に共産主義建設の成員として扱われる。ゆえに、国家のねらいに沿う有能な人間を育てる一方で、自由な発想を持つ人間を育てることは難しいのではないか。音楽活動では政治的指導者を誉め称える歌を通じながらも音楽的歌唱能力を培っている。西洋音楽にも通じる和音の聴取能力育成や、革命の象徴である赤い星を用いた子どもへの賞賛方法がとられるなど、政治と音楽教育がきわめて密接な関係であることが明らかとなった。うたと踊りを生活に位置づけ、相互の生活化を図る画期的な日課も設定されている。映像実況資料分析からは、党と指導者を賞賛する内容がほぼすべてを占める実態がわかった。民族楽器と西洋楽器の双方を一緒に用いることは国の方針であり、すでに幼児期音楽教育から行われていることが実証された。今後はピアノやソルフェージュ指導について、テキストをもとに研究にあたりたい。

There are only a small number of people in Japan who study about D. P. R. K = North Korea's child education and elementary-school education. This number is unreasonably small enough, when we consider our research environment where only a limited number of qualified researchers are allowed to study South Korea, while it is not the same about North Korea. Such scarcity itself could make this study meaningful. One of the distinctive features of North Korea's education program is its compulsory education system provided tuition-free for a period of 11 years including 1-year kindergarten education. As a part of the totalitarian state where people are strictly required to obey the Sovereign and Workers' Party, children are also treated as members to build up their communist society and are required to take part in various activities for that purpose. Since their first aim is to develop capable people who can contribute to the nation's policies, I am afraid that it would be difficult for them to develop people who have liberal or flexible mind at the same time. In the field of musical education, children are given opportunities to refine their singing skills, though it is through singing songs to admire political leaders. The study has found that politics and musical education are connected very closely with each other: for example, it is encouraged to improve ability to listen to and identify various chords somewhat like Western musical education; the Red Stars (being the symbol of revolution) are used as scores to praise children. On the other hand, there is an innovative education program where songs and dancing are assigned to children as a daily task and integrated into their everyday life. As far as we have observed from video materials that captured actual situations, almost all of such songs and dancing are focused on admiring Workers' Party and political leaders. It has proved that in North Korea both ethnic and Western musical instruments are used together, from the stages of child education, as a part of the nation's educational policies. The next step of my study is to find out how piano and solfege lessons are conducted in this country, based on text materials.