Investigating the multiwavelength behaviour of the flat spectrum radio quasar CTA 102 during 2013–2017

  • F D’Ammando
    INAF - Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
  • C M Raiteri
    INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via P. Torinese, I- Torino, Italy
  • M Villata
    INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via P. Torinese, I- Torino, Italy
  • J A Acosta-Pulido
    Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, E-38200 Tenerife, Spain
  • I Agudo
    Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), E-18080 Granada, Spain
  • A A Arkharov
    Pulkovo Observatory, 196140 St. Petersburg, Russia
  • R Bachev
    Institute of Astronomy and NAO, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
  • G V Baida
    Crimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny 298409, Russia
  • E Benítez
    Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
  • G A Borman
    Crimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny 298409, Russia
  • W Boschin
    Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, E-38200 Tenerife, Spain
  • V Bozhilov
    Faculty of Physics, Department of Astronomy, University of Sofia, BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
  • M S Butuzova
    Crimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny 298409, Russia
  • P Calcidese
    Osservatorio Astronomico della Regione Autonoma Valle d’Aosta, I-11020 Nus, Italy
  • M I Carnerero
    INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via P. Torinese, I- Torino, Italy
  • D Carosati
    INAF, TNG Fundación Galileo Galilei, E-38712 La Palma, Spain
  • C Casadio
    Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), E-18080 Granada, Spain
  • N Castro-Segura
    Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, E-38205 Tenerife, Spain
  • W-P Chen
    Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan County 32001, Taiwan
  • G Damljanovic
    Astronomical Observatory, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
  • A Di Paola
    INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
  • J Echevarría
    Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
  • N V Efimova
    Pulkovo Observatory, 196140 St. Petersburg, Russia
  • Sh A Ehgamberdiev
    Ulugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Maidanak Observatory, Tashkent 100052, Uzbekistan
  • C Espinosa
    Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
  • A Fuentes
    Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), E-18080 Granada, Spain
  • A Giunta
    INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
  • J L Gómez
    Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), E-18080 Granada, Spain
  • T S Grishina
    Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
  • M A Gurwell
    Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
  • D Hiriart
    Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
  • H Jermak
    Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
  • B Jordan
    School of Cosmic Physics, Dublin Institute For Advanced Studies, Ireland
  • S G Jorstad
    Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
  • M Joshi
    Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
  • G N Kimeridze
    Abastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, Georgia
  • E N Kopatskaya
    Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
  • K Kuratov
    NNLOT, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
  • O M Kurtanidze
    Abastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, Georgia
  • S O Kurtanidze
    Abastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, Georgia
  • A Lähteenmäki
    Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland
  • V M Larionov
    Pulkovo Observatory, 196140 St. Petersburg, Russia
  • E G Larionova
    Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
  • L V Larionova
    Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
  • C Lázaro
    Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, E-38200 Tenerife, Spain
  • C S Lin
    Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan County 32001, Taiwan
  • M P Malmrose
    Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
  • A P Marscher
    Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
  • K Matsumoto
    Astronomical Institute, Osaka Kyoiku University, Osaka 582-8582, Japan
  • B McBreen
    UCD School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
  • R Michel
    Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
  • B Mihov
    Institute of Astronomy and NAO, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
  • M Minev
    Faculty of Physics, Department of Astronomy, University of Sofia, BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
  • D O Mirzaqulov
    Ulugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Maidanak Observatory, Tashkent 100052, Uzbekistan
  • S N Molina
    Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), E-18080 Granada, Spain
  • J W Moody
    Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
  • D A Morozova
    Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
  • S V Nazarov
    Crimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny 298409, Russia
  • A A Nikiforova
    Pulkovo Observatory, 196140 St. Petersburg, Russia
  • M G Nikolashvili
    Abastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, Georgia
  • J M Ohlert
    Michael Adrian Observatorium, Astronomie Stiftung Trebur, D-65468 Trebur, Germany
  • N Okhmat
    Crimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny 298409, Russia
  • E Ovcharov
    Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
  • F Pinna
    Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, E-38200 Tenerife, Spain
  • T A Polakis
    Command Module Observatory, Tempe AZ, USA
  • C Protasio
    Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, E-38200 Tenerife, Spain
  • T Pursimo
    Nordic Optical Telescope, E-38700 Santa Cruz de La Palma, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
  • F J Redondo-Lorenzo
    Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, E-38200 Tenerife, Spain
  • N Rizzi
    Osservatorio Astronomico Sirio, I-70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy
  • G Rodriguez-Coira
    LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France
  • K Sadakane
    Astronomical Institute, Osaka Kyoiku University, Osaka 582-8582, Japan
  • A C Sadun
    Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80217-3364, USA
  • M R Samal
    Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan County 32001, Taiwan
  • S S Savchenko
    Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
  • E Semkov
    Institute of Astronomy and NAO, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
  • L Sigua
    Abastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, Georgia
  • B A Skiff
    Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ 85751, USA
  • L Slavcheva-Mihova
    Institute of Astronomy and NAO, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
  • P S Smith
    Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
  • I A Steele
    Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
  • A Strigachev
    Institute of Astronomy and NAO, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
  • J Tammi
    Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland
  • C Thum
    Instituto de Radio Astronomía Milimétrica, E-18012 Granada, Spain
  • M Tornikoski
    Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland
  • Yu V Troitskaya
    Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
  • I S Troitsky
    Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
  • A A Vasilyev
    Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
  • O Vince
    Astronomical Observatory, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
  • T Hovatta
    Finnish Center for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
  • S Kiehlmann
    Owens Valley Radio Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
  • W Max-Moerbeck
    Departamento de Astronoma, Universidad de Chile, Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
  • A C S Readhead
    Owens Valley Radio Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
  • R Reeves
    Departamento de Astronomia, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
  • T J Pearson
    Owens Valley Radio Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
  • T Mufakharov
    Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China
  • Yu V Sotnikova
    Special Astrophysical Observatory of RAS, Nizhnij Arkhyz 369167, Russia
  • M G Mingaliev
    Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St, Kazan 420044, Russia

抄録

<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title> <jats:p>We present a multiwavelength study of the flat-spectrum radio quasar CTA 102 during 2013–2017. We use radio-to-optical data obtained by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope, 15 GHz data from the Owens Valley Radio Observatory, 91 and 103 GHz data from the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, near-infrared data from the Rapid Eye Monitor telescope, as well as data from the Swift (optical-UV and X-rays) and Fermi (γ-rays) satellites to study flux and spectral variability and the correlation between flux changes at different wavelengths. Unprecedented γ-ray flaring activity was observed during 2016 November–2017 February, with four major outbursts. A peak flux of (2158 ± 63) × 10−8 ph cm−2 s−1, corresponding to a luminosity of (2.2 ± 0.1) × 1050 erg s−1, was reached on 2016 December 28. These four γ-ray outbursts have corresponding events in the near-infrared, optical, and UV bands, with the peaks observed at the same time. A general agreement between X-ray and γ-ray activity is found. The γ-ray flux variations show a general, strong correlation with the optical ones with no time lag between the two bands and a comparable variability amplitude. This γ-ray/optical relationship is in agreement with the geometrical model that has successfully explained the low-energy flux and spectral behaviour, suggesting that the long-term flux variations are mainly due to changes in the Doppler factor produced by variations of the viewing angle of the emitting regions. The difference in behaviour between radio and higher energy emission would be ascribed to different viewing angles of the jet regions producing their emission.</jats:p>

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