Revealing the Intercalation Mechanisms of Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium in Hard Carbon

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  • Stevanus Alvin
    SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT) Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu‐ro, Jangan‐gu Suwon Gyeonggi‐do 16419 Republic of Korea
  • Handi Setiadi Cahyadi
    SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT) Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu‐ro, Jangan‐gu Suwon Gyeonggi‐do 16419 Republic of Korea
  • Jieun Hwang
    School of Mechanical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu‐ro, Jangan‐gu Suwon Gyeonggi‐do 16419 Republic of Korea
  • Wonyoung Chang
    Center for Energy Storage Research Korea Institute of Science and Technology Hwarang‐ro 14‐gil 5, Seongbuk‐gu Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
  • Sang Kyu Kwak
    School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology 50 Unist‐gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
  • Jaehoon Kim
    SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT) Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu‐ro, Jangan‐gu Suwon Gyeonggi‐do 16419 Republic of Korea

書誌事項

公開日
2020-04-15
権利情報
  • http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor
DOI
  • 10.1002/aenm.202000283
公開者
Wiley

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説明

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Hard carbon is the most promising anode material for sodium‐ion batteries and potassium‐ion batteries owing to its high stability, widespread availability, low‐cost, and excellent performance. Understanding the carrier‐ion storage mechanism is a prerequisite for developing high‐performance electrode materials; however, the underlying ion storage mechanism in hard carbon has been a topic of debate because of its complex structure. Herein, it is demonstrated that the Li<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>‐, Na<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>‐, and K<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>‐ion storage mechanisms in hard carbon are based on the adsorption of ions on the surface of active sites (e.g., defects, edges, and residual heteroatoms) in the sloping voltage region, followed by intercalation into the graphitic layers in the low‐voltage plateau region. At a low current density of 3 mA g<jats:sup>–1</jats:sup>, the graphitic layers of hard carbon are unlocked to permit Li<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>‐ion intercalation, resulting in a plateau region in the lithium‐ion batteries. To gain insights into the ion storage mechanism, experimental observations including various ex situ techniques, a constant‐current constant‐voltage method, and diffusivity measurements are correlated with the theoretical estimation of changes in carbon structures and insertion voltages during ion insertion obtained using the density functional theory.</jats:p>

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