Typifying of Student Experiments by Process Skills (Part 2) : On Observations and Experiments Carried in a Textbook of Elementary School Science

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  • プロセス・スキルズの観点からみた観察・実験等の類型化(2) : 小学校理科教科書に掲載されている観察・実験等について
  • プロセス ・ スキルズ ノ カンテン カラ ミタ カンサツ ・ ジッケン トウ ノ ルイケイカ(2)ショウガッコウ リカ キョウカショ ニ ケイサイ サレテ イル カンサツ ・ ジッケン トウ ニ ツイテ

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Abstract

<p>In this study, all the observations and experiments carried in the elementary school science textbooks of publishing company A were typified according to the tendencies of process skills and they were subjected to cluster analysis to determine their characteristics. As a result, the following findings were obtained: (1) The observations and experiments were categorized as follows: - Cluster 2: Observations and experiments where the changes, properties, structures, causal relationships, etc. of phenomena are described. - Cluster 4: Observations and experiments where the relationships between changing independent variables and changes in their accompanying dependent variables are found. - Cluster 3: Observations and experiments where independent variables are controlled and the changes in dependent variables are qualitatively determined. - Cluster 1: Observations and experiments where independent variables are controlled and changes in dependent variables are quantitatively determined and interpreted. (2) In the observations and experiments for third graders, there is some basic content which allows children to notice changes in simple phenomena and there is some complicated content with both independent and dependent variables. (3) In the observations and experiments for fourth graders, the content requires pupils to determine the relationship between independent and dependent variables regarding the phenomena accompanying changes in seasons. (4) In the fifth and sixth years, the observation and experimental skills or techniques that have been acquired in the fourth year are taken full advantage of. For example, the changes in independent variables are quantitatively determined and interpreted. Such content is much more inquiring than that in other school years.</p>

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