Electrochemical Substrates and Systems for Enzyme-Based Bioassays

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  • UTAGAWA Yoshinobu
    Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
  • ITO Kentaro
    Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
  • INOUE Kumi Y.
    Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University Center for Basic Education, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi
  • NASHIMOTO Yuji
    Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
  • INO Kosuke
    Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
  • SHIKU Hitoshi
    Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University

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  • 酵素活性を利用するバイオ計測に向けた電気化学基質とシステム
  • コウソ カッセイ オ リヨウ スル バイオ ケイソク ニ ムケタ デンキ カガクキシツ ト システム

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Abstract

<p>Enzymatic substrates are widely used for bioassays. For example, enzyme-modified antibodies are used for immunoassays, and the reaction of enzymatic substrates with the enzyme releases products from the substrate. By measuring the products, the amount of analytes can be quantified. In medical applications, biological samples, such as blood and cells, are stained with antibodies labeled with enzymes. The targeted antigens are monitored via the enzymatic reaction. In general, monitoring is done by optical methods. As an alternative approach, electrochemical methods have been proposed owning to their simplicity and high sensitivity. For electrochemical applications, it is important to prepare electrochemical substrates. Some electrochemical substrates are commercially available and are widely used for electrochemical detection of alkaline phosphatase, β-galactosidase, and other enzyme activities. New substrates have been synthesized for detection of caspase-3, endotoxin, and other molecules. In this review, we summarize these electrochemical substrates, their products, electrochemical reactions for detection, and their applications in bioassays, such as immunoassay, reporter gene assays, single-cell analysis, cell analysis of three-dimensionally cultured cells, and others. In addition, we discuss state-of-the-art electrochemical devices/systems for signal amplification, high throughput analysis, and high-resolution electrochemical imaging. Finally, conclusions and perspectives are presented.</p>

Journal

  • BUNSEKI KAGAKU

    BUNSEKI KAGAKU 71 (3), 109-117, 2022-03-05

    The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry

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